Esquemas
SELECT default_character_set_name FROM information_schema.SCHEMATA S WHERE schema_name = "<schema_name>";
Mesas
SELECT
CCSA.character_set_name FROM information_schema.`TABLES` T,
information_schema.`COLLATION_CHARACTER_SET_APPLICABILITY` CCSA
WHERE
CCSA.collation_name = T.table_collation
AND T.table_schema = "<schema_name>"
AND T.table_name = "<table_name>";
Colunas
SELECT character_set_name FROM information_schema.`COLUMNS` C
WHERE
table_schema = "<schema_name>"
AND table_name = "<table_name>"
AND column_name = "<column_name>";